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PDA stands for Patent Ductus Arteriosus, a blood vessel that connects the aorta and pulmonary artery during fetal life and is supposed to close within hours to days after birth. When it stays open it sends extra blood into the lungs and makes the heart work harder than it should right from day one. Small ones often go unnoticed. Larger ones don’t stay quiet for long.

“The ductus is meant to close the moment a baby takes its first breath and the lungs take over. When it doesn’t, some babies absorb that extra workload for weeks before anyone connects the dots,” says Dr. Prashant Bobhate, Pediatric Cardiologist in Mumbai, India.

A small PDA often causes nothing. The baby feeds, gains weight and seems completely fine while the ductus quietly does its extra work in the background. A larger one is a different story.

• Fast breathing: A resting respiratory rate consistently sitting too high even during sleep means the lungs are handling more blood flow than they’re built for and the body is already compensating.
• Poor feeding: A baby who tires mid-feed, sweats while eating or takes forever to finish a small amount is burning calories the heart and lungs simply can’t keep replacing under the extra load.
• Bounding pulse: A strong jumping pulse felt at the wrist or groin is a classic physical sign of significant PDA because excess circulation creates a distinctive pounding quality you can feel without any equipment.
• Heart murmur: A continuous machinery-like murmur across the upper left chest is the signature sound of PDA and often the first thing that sends a newborn for a cardiac evaluation before anyone suspected anything cardiac at all.

Getting an accurate echo to confirm what the ductus is doing to the heart and lungs is exactly what a patent ductus arteriosus assessment establishes before any treatment decision gets made.

Treatment depends on size, gestational age and what the heart is actually doing in response. Not every PDA needs intervention right away. But a significant one that’s causing symptoms can’t just be observed without a real plan sitting behind that observation.

• Medication: In premature babies certain medications can nudge the ductus toward closing without any procedure by blocking the chemical signals that keep it open in those first newborn days.
• Device closure: In older infants a small catheter-based device is placed through a vein to plug the ductus permanently with no surgical incision and a very short recovery time afterwards.
• Surgical ligation: In very premature or very small babies where catheter closure isn’t yet possible a surgical procedure to tie off the ductus is still done though it’s needed far less often now than it once was.
• Watchful waiting: A small haemodynamically insignificant PDA in a healthy term baby can be monitored with serial echos but this needs an actual follow up structure not simply hoping it goes away on its own.

Parents wanting to understand what early cardiac signs look like in the first weeks of life should read this piece on how to spot the early signs of heart disease in neonates which walks through exactly what to watch for at home before a formal diagnosis has even been made.

A newborn with a PDA needs someone who reads the echo accurately, weighs the haemodynamic picture honestly and makes a clear call on whether this ductus needs treatment now, later or structured monitoring with real decision points built in. Dr. Prashant Bobhate spent over 12 years managing cardiac findings across every gestational age from premature neonates through term newborns through older children presenting late with undiagnosed PDAs. Trained at Escorts Heart Institute in New Delhi then went deliberately to the University of Alberta in Canada for advanced paediatric cardiac fellowship training.

• Patent Ductus Arteriosus, MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine — https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001560.htm
• Congenital Heart Defects, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute — https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/congenital-heart-defects

Yes. Small VSDs close on their own in a significant number of children, often within the first two years of life without any surgery or intervention. But not every VSD closes and not every VSD should be watched and waited. Size, location and what the heart is doing in response to the defect are what determine which path a child actually needs.

“Parents hear ‘hole in the heart’ and assume surgery. But for many small VSDs the heart quietly resolves the problem on its own and the child goes on to need nothing more than a few monitoring visits,” says Dr. Prashant Bobhate, Pediatric Cardiologist in Mumbai, India.

The timing of symptoms is one of the clearest differences between the two. VSD tends to announce itself earlier and louder. ASD is famously quiet for years, sometimes decades, before anyone connects the dots. That silence is exactly what makes it easy to miss and easy to underestimate.

• Age of presentation: VSD symptoms like poor feeding, fast breathing and poor weight gain often show up in early infancy while ASD can sit completely undetected through childhood and only surface in adulthood.
• Breathlessness pattern: A significant VSD causes breathlessness during feeding and exertion early in life because excess blood floods the lungs from the start while ASD-related breathlessness tends to creep in slowly over years.
• Heart murmur character: Both produce murmurs but they sound different on a stethoscope and are picked up at different positions on the chest which is why the examination findings matter as much as the echo in making the diagnosis.
• Growth impact: Poor weight gain and failure to thrive are far more common and more dramatic with significant VSD than with ASD where children often grow normally for years before anyone suspects a cardiac cause for their fatigue or exercise limitation.

Understanding which defect is present and what it’s doing to your child’s heart right now is exactly what a proper congenital heart disease assessment is built to answer before symptoms progress into something harder to reverse.

This is where the two conditions diverge most sharply. VSD management is more urgent in infancy for large defects. ASD management is often more planned and deliberate because the timeline is longer and the urgency less immediate. But neither should be left without a clear plan in place.

• Spontaneous closure: Small VSDs close on their own in a significant number of children before age two while ASDs very rarely close spontaneously and almost always need eventual intervention if they’re haemodynamically significant.
• Timing of intervention: Large VSDs often need closure in the first year of life before pulmonary pressure rises too far while ASD closure is typically planned between ages three and five when device closure through catheterisation becomes straightforward.
• Device vs surgery: Both ASD and VSD can often be closed with a catheter-based device procedure avoiding open heart surgery though suitability depends entirely on the size and position of the defect on echocardiography.
• Long term risk difference: Unrepaired large VSD risks Eisenmenger syndrome and irreversible pulmonary damage while unrepaired ASD risks right heart enlargement, arrhythmia and stroke from paradoxical embolism in adulthood, both serious but on very different timelines.

Parents navigating this decision for the first time and wanting to understand what happens when pulmonary pressure goes unmanaged should read this piece on when is lung transplant necessary for pulmonary hypertension which explains honestly what the far end of untreated congenital shunt disease actually looks like.

A parent sitting across from a cardiologist after their child’s first abnormal echo needs someone who can explain exactly which defect is present, what it’s doing right now and what the next five years of management realistically looks like. Not a vague plan. A specific one. Dr. Prashant Bobhate spent over 12 years working across the full spectrum of congenital septal defects from first echo in the newborn nursery through device closure in the catheterisation lab through long term follow up into adulthood. Trained at Escorts Heart Institute in New Delhi then went deliberately to the University of Alberta in Canada for advanced paediatric cardiac fellowship training.

• Ventricular Septal Defect, MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine — https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001099.htm
• Atrial Septal Defect, MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine — https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001113.htm

Yes. Small VSDs close on their own in a significant number of children, often within the first two years of life without any surgery or intervention. But not every VSD closes and not every VSD should be watched and waited. Size, location and what the heart is doing in response to the defect are what determine which path a child actually needs.

“Parents hear ‘hole in the heart’ and assume surgery. But for many small VSDs the heart quietly resolves the problem on its own and the child goes on to need nothing more than a few monitoring visits,” says Dr. Prashant Bobhate, Pediatric Cardiologist in Mumbai, India.

Not all VSDs are the same and location matters as much as size when predicting which ones have a realistic chance of closing without intervention. Small muscular VSDs sitting in the lower part of the septum have the best natural closure rates. Larger or differently positioned ones tell a different story.

• Small muscular VSDs: These have the highest spontaneous closure rates, often resolving by age two without any cardiac symptoms, weight issues or strain on the lungs.
• Small perimembranous VSDs: These can also close on their own though the rate is lower than muscular VSDs and the timeline is less predictable, sometimes taking several years.
• Large VSDs: A large defect that’s causing symptoms like poor feeding, poor weight gain or fast breathing is very unlikely to close on its own and waiting is not a safe strategy.
• Outlet VSDs: These sit near the aortic valve and don’t spontaneously close regardless of size, usually needing closure to prevent valve damage that develops slowly over time.

Understanding exactly which type your child has and what that means for their specific path is exactly what a ventricular septal defect assessment is designed to answer with imaging rather than assumptions.

Because the wait and watch approach only works when there’s actually a plan behind the watching. A VSD that isn’t closing, isn’t shrinking and is pushing extra blood into the lungs every single day is doing cumulative damage that doesn’t always show up loudly until it’s been going on for years.

• Pulmonary hypertension: Excess blood flow into the lungs over time raises the pressure in the lung arteries and once that pressure becomes permanent the window for safe closure starts to close along with it.
• Poor growth: Babies with significant VSDs burn calories just trying to breathe and feed properly and the failure to thrive pattern in these children is often the first sign something more urgent is happening.
• Eisenmenger syndrome: If a large VSD goes untreated long enough the pulmonary pressure can reverse the shunt direction entirely making surgical closure permanently impossible and leaving lifelong limitation as the only remaining management.
• Recurrent chest infections: Children with significant unrepaired VSDs get respiratory infections more frequently and more severely because excess lung blood flow makes the lung tissue more vulnerable to every passing virus.

Parents wanting to understand what happens when pulmonary pressure builds unchecked should read this piece on when is lung transplant necessary for pulmonary hypertension which explains honestly what the endpoint of untreated pulmonary vascular disease actually looks like.

Deciding between watchful waiting and intervention for a VSD isn’t a guess. It’s a detailed clinical judgment that depends on echo findings, growth charts, lung pressure estimates and what the right ventricle is doing under load. Dr. Prashant Bobhate spent over 12 years making exactly these calls across every size and type of congenital septal defect from the first newborn echo through catheter-based closure and long term follow up. Trained at Escorts Heart Institute in New Delhi then went deliberately to the University of Alberta in Canada for advanced paediatric cardiac fellowship training. His team performed India’s very first successful Transcatheter Potts Shunt and actively manages over 400 children on advanced cardiac therapy. He doesn’t guess at which VSD needs intervention. He measures it, watches it and acts when the data says it’s time.

• Ventricular Septal Defect, MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine — https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001099.htm
• Congenital Heart Defects, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute — https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/congenital-heart-defects

It depends entirely on the size of the hole and what it’s actually doing inside your baby’s heart right now. Small holes are often harmless and close completely on their own without anyone ever needing to intervene. Larger ones that are pushing significant blood the wrong way and straining a heart that’s still learning to work properly are a different conversation entirely and one that needs to happen sooner rather than later.

“A hole in the heart sounds terrifying and I completely understand why parents go cold when they first hear it. But size and location tell us everything and most of the time what we find is far more manageable than what the family imagined on the drive here,” says Dr. Prashant Bobhate, Pediatric Cardiologist in Mumbai, India.

This is the question sitting behind every other question most parents ask in that first appointment. Not what it is. Not how it got there. Just how worried they actually need to be. And the honest answer is that the hole itself isn’t the whole story. What matters is what it’s doing to the heart around it.

• Small holes that close on their own: A small ventricular septal defect or a tiny ASD that isn’t causing any pressure changes, any enlargement of the heart chambers or any symptoms in the baby is often watched rather than treated because the heart has a genuine capacity to close these on its own in the first year or two of life.
• Large holes that overwhelm the heart: A large VSD that’s letting a significant volume of blood cross the wrong way puts the left side of the heart under enormous extra workload and a baby trying to cope with that struggles to feed, struggles to grow and breathes harder than they should just doing nothing at all.
• Location changes everything: A hole sitting near a valve or near the major vessels coming out of the heart carries more risk than one in the muscular part of the wall regardless of size because of what those nearby structures are doing and what happens if the pressure around them starts to shift.
• Pulmonary pressure is the real danger: The genuine danger in a large unrepaired hole isn’t just the hole itself. It’s what happens to the lung arteries when too much blood keeps pushing through them under pressure for months and years until the damage in those vessels becomes permanent and irreversible in a way that no surgery can undo afterwards.

Understanding exactly what your baby’s specific hole is doing right now is what makes the right congenital heart disease assessment conversation actually answer the question you came in with rather than just adding more questions to the pile.

Because most small holes in babies announce themselves by doing absolutely nothing and being found entirely by accident on a routine scan.

• Feeding that exhausts them completely: A baby with a significant cardiac hole burns an enormous amount of energy just trying to breathe and eat simultaneously and one who tires before they’ve taken enough, sweats during feeds or falls asleep mid-feed before finishing is showing you what cardiac strain looks like in the most ordinary daily moment.
• Not gaining weight the way the charts say they should: A baby working that hard to breathe and feed has very little left over for growing and one who consistently falls further behind on the weight chart despite everything the family and the paediatrician have tried deserves a cardiac look before anything else gets adjusted.
• Breathing faster than other babies at rest: Counting a resting respiratory rate that consistently sits too high for the age even when the baby is calm and not feeding or crying is one of the quieter signs that the lungs are working harder than they should because of what’s happening in the circulation around them.
• Recurrent chest infections that keep coming back: A large left to right shunt floods the lungs with more blood than they’re designed to carry and that congestion creates a lung environment where infections take hold more easily, take longer to clear and keep returning in a pattern that looks like bad luck but is actually the heart.

Parents already seeing some of this at home and wanting to understand what the earliest signs of cardiac problems look like should read this piece on how to spot the early signs of heart disease in neonates which goes through what these signs genuinely look like during those first weeks when everything is new and hard to interpret and easy to dismiss.

A hole in the heart diagnosis needs someone who can look at that specific defect in that specific baby and tell you honestly whether it’s something to watch, something to plan around or something to act on now. Dr. Prashant Bobhate spent over 12 years specifically inside congenital cardiac disease in children from the smallest incidental finding through to the most complex structural repair and everything that comes after. Trained at Escorts Heart Institute in New Delhi then went deliberately to the University of Alberta in Canada for advanced paediatric cardiac fellowship training.

• Ventricular Septal Defect, MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine — https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001099.htm
• Congenital Heart Defects in Children, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute — https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/congenital-heart-defects

ASD closure in children carries a success rate of over 95 percent in experienced centres. Device closure for suitable defects sits even higher than that. It’s one of the most reliably successful procedures in paediatric cardiology today and most children who go through it come out the other side with a heart that functions completely normally without any ongoing treatment whatsoever.

“ASD closure is one of those procedures where the results genuinely speak for themselves and families who were terrified walking in are often astonished by how straightforward the recovery actually turns out to be,” says Dr. Prashant Bobhate, Pediatric Cardiologist in Mumbai, India.

Most parents arrive at this conversation already convinced the procedure is dangerous simply because the word cardiac is attached to it. It isn’t. ASD closure is one of the most refined and well established procedures in paediatric cardiac care and the two pathways to get there have both been refined over decades of experience.

• Device closure through catheterisation: For ASDs that are anatomically suitable a small device gets delivered through a catheter threaded from the groin up into the heart and deployed to seal the hole completely without any surgical incision at all which is why recovery is measured in days rather than weeks.
• Open heart surgical repair: When the ASD is too large, too close to critical structures or the wrong shape for a device a surgical repair closes the defect directly and even this more involved route carries excellent outcomes with a very low complication rate in experienced hands that have done this many times before.
• Anatomy determines the approach: Not every ASD is suitable for device closure and the size, location and the tissue rim surrounding the defect all determine which path is appropriate and a specialist makes that call from the echocardiography findings rather than a preference for one technique over another.
• Timing improves the outcome: ASDs closed before the right side of the heart has had years to enlarge and strain against the extra blood load recover faster and more completely than those caught late and that’s exactly why earlier closure in a child who needs it produces better long term results than watchful waiting that goes on longer than it should.

Understanding the anatomy behind your child’s specific defect is what makes the right atrial septal defect treatment decision feel like something that was built around them rather than a protocol applied the same way to everyone.

Because most families build up a picture in their heads of what cardiac intervention means for a child and it’s almost always worse than what actually happens.

• Device closure discharge in one to two days: Most children who have catheter based ASD closure go home within 24 to 48 hours of the procedure and the speed of that turnaround is one of the things families remember most clearly because it’s so far from what they had mentally prepared for.
• Surgical repair takes a little longer: Open heart repair typically means five to seven days in hospital and full recovery at home over six weeks but watching a child who just had open heart surgery eating breakfast and asking to watch television three days later is something that still surprises parents who weren’t prepared for how resilient a young heart actually is.
• Back to normal life quickly: Most children return to school within two to four weeks after device closure and within six to eight weeks after surgical repair and the majority are physically indistinguishable from their peers within a few months of the procedure which tends to be the moment families finally exhale.
• Long term follow up confirms the result: Regular echocardiography in the months and years after closure confirms the device is sitting well, the heart size has normalised and the right side is recovering the way it should and for most children those follow up scans become progressively more reassuring with every single one.

Parents wanting to understand what early cardiac signs look like before an ASD diagnosis is ever made should read this piece on how to spot the early signs of heart disease in neonates which goes through what these signs genuinely look like in those first weeks and months when everything still feels hard to interpret and easy to explain away.

A 95 percent success rate only means something when the person doing the assessment and the procedure has the experience to make those numbers real for your child specifically. Dr. Prashant Bobhate spent over 12 years working with children at every stage and complexity of congenital heart disease including ASD closure from the initial diagnosis through device selection through follow up echocardiography. Trained at Escorts Heart Institute in New Delhi then went deliberately to the University of Alberta in Canada for advanced paediatric cardiac fellowship training.

• Congenital Heart Defects in Children, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute — https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/congenital-heart-defects
• Atrial Septal Defect Overview, MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine — https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000994.htm